In traditional Japanese medicine (Kampo medicine), tongue color is important in discerning a patient's constitution and medical conditions. However, tongue color diagnosis is susceptible to the subjective factors of the observer. To investigate factors involved in tongue color diagnosis, both color discrimination and tongue color diagnosis were researched in 68 Kampo medical practitioners. Colo...

The present study reports the anthro-pogenetic traits such as tongue rolling and tongue folding of the Table 1: Distribution of tongue rolling and tongue folding the among Vannekula Kshatriya of Andhra Pradesh Character Male Female Total (125) (90) (215)

The aim of this study was to investigate the dorsal surface of the long-eared hedgehog tongue using scanning electron microscopy. The tongue of the long-eared hedgehog is rectangular-shaped with an elongated body and a widened root and a marked deep median groove can be seen on its dorsal surface. A characteristic feature of the lingual root is presence of two huge laterally situated folds. The...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Epidemiological studies have established a wide variation in the prevalence of oral lesions in different population. Officially oral mucosa diseases can occur in 25-50% of cases, depending on the population to which the survey was conducted. We examined the relationship between oral mucosal lesions, tongue pH level, gingivitis, oral hygiene, and oral health behaviors in stud...

The tongue is a critical element of the feeding system in tetrapod animals for their successful adaptation to terrestrial life. Whereas the oral part of the mammalian tongue contains soft tissues only, the avian tongue has an internal skeleton extending to the anterior tip. The mechanisms underlying the evolutionary divergence in tongue skeleton formation are completely unknown. We show here th...

BACKGROUND The effects of tongue cleaning on reconstruction of bacterial flora in dental plaque and tongue coating itself are obscure. We assessed changes in the amounts of total bacteria as well as Fusobacterium nucleatum in tongue coating and dental plaque specimens obtained with and without tongue cleaning. METHODS We conducted a randomized examiner-blind crossover study using 30 volunteer...

BACKGROUND In the recent hyper-aged societies of developed countries, the market for soft diets for patients with dysphagia has been growing and numerous jelly-type foods have become available. However, interrelationships between the biomechanics of oral strategies and jelly texture remain unclear. The present study investigated the influence of the initial consistency of jelly on tongue motor ...

The objective of this case study was to obtain some first-hand information about the functional consequences of a cosmetic tongue split operation for speech and tongue motility. One male patient who had performed the operation on himself was interviewed and underwent a tongue motility assessment, as well as an ultrasound examination. Tongue motility was mildly reduced as a result of tissue scar...

Simulation techniques using 2D or 3D tongue models have been adopted in investigating mechanisms of speech production. However, large asymmetric deformations of the tongue have not been challenged yet for both normal and pathologic cases. In this study, a full 3D tongue model was constructed by extending an existing partial 3D model, and it is used to perform large asymmetric 3D deformations to...

Tongue movements contribute to oral functions including swallowing, vocalizing, and breathing. Fine tongue movements are regulated through efferent and afferent connections between the cortex and tongue. It has been demonstrated that cortico-muscular coherence (CMC) is reflected at two frequency bands during isometric tongue protrusions: the beta (β) band at 15-35Hz and the low-frequency band a...