Pump-probe studies at synchrotrons using X-ray and laser pulses require accurate determination of the time delay between pulses. This becomes especially important when observing ultrafast responses with lifetimes approaching or even less than the X-ray pulse duration (∼100 ps). The standard approach of inspecting the time response of a detector sensitive to both types of pulses can have limitat...

A widely accepted equation for availability is Availability=MTTF/(MTTF+MTTR), where MTTF is the mean time to failure of a system or subsystem (i.e. the reciprocal of reliability), MTTR is its mean time to recovery, and A is a number between 0 and 1. The equation suggests that to improve availability, a 10x decrease in MTTR (for example) is just as valuable as a 10x increase in MTTF, a founding ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the quantitative advantage of double pulses vs. single pulses in TMS phosphenes evoked from the occipital cortex. METHODS In 10 healthy subjects single pulse thresholds were compared with thresholds from double pulses of equal strength at a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 2, 5, 10, and 20ms, both with biphasic and monophasic pulse forms. In a second experiment fusion ...

Time-Delay-Estimation (TDE) has been a topic of interest in many applications in the past few decades. The emphasis of this work is on the application of model-based estimation (MBE) for TDE of ultrasonic signals used in ultrasonic thickness gaging. Ultrasonic thickness gaging is based on precise measurement of the time difference between successive echoes which reflect back from the back wall ...

Two Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) techniques are proposed based on Cross Correlation (CC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In CC-based PSD, two schemes are proposed to discriminate between different decay scintillation pulses. The first CC-based scheme is applied to digitized scintillation pulses in time-domain with different numbers of samples ranging from the last two samples up to ...

We have implemented a new approach for measuring the time-dependent intensity and phase of ultrashort optical pulses. It is based on the interaction between shaped pulses and atoms, leading to coherent transients.

The pulses that compose gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are hypothesized to have the same shape at all energies, differing only by scale factors in time and amplitude. This “Pulse Scale Conjecture” is confirmed here in the specific case of the dominant pulse in GRB 930214c (BATSE trigger 2193). Furthermore, pulses are hypothesized to start at the same time independent of energy. This “Pulse Start Conje...

Abstract: On December 2010, the government of Iran ended the decades-long subsidy program for bread and energy products and launched the Targeted Subsidy Reform program that considerably raised prices of food products. The objective of the study was to measure welfare impacts of food price changes on Iranian urban households between two survey data of 2009/10 and 2011/12 which were taken from I...