The mental foramen is described in literature as an oval or circular opening on the anterior surface of the mandible, usually below the apex of the first or second premolar or between the first and second premolars. The inferior alveolar nerve and artery enter the mandibular foramen and after traveling through the body, exit at the mental foramen as the mental nerve and vessels. These nerves pr...

The foramen tympanicum is an anatomical variation that is created in the tympanic plate of temporal bone during the first year of life. The tympanic plate grows and foramen tympanicum is gradually closed by about the fifth postnatal year. However, due to a defect in normal ossification, foramen tympanicum sporadically remains throughout life. The construction of a shopping center in Tabriz, nor...

AIM The objectives were to find the incidence and topography of the occipital emissary foramina in skulls of South Indian Region. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the present study, 78 dried adult human skulls were examined. They were analyzed for the gross incidence and position of the occipital emissary foramen. The observations were made in the squamous part of the occipital bone from the posterior...

Variable foramen on the grater wing of sphenoid bone, which is simultaneously complementary opening between the orbit and middle cranial fossa. It can be find, unilaterally or bilaterally, lateral to the superior orbital fissure, below posterior margin of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. The aim of this work was, to establish, the incidence of this variable foramen between orbit and middl...

OBJECTIVES To identify measurements that may help intra-operative localisation of the sphenopalatine foramen. DESIGN The study used three-dimensional surgical navigation software to study radiological anatomy, in order to define the distances and angulations between identifiable bony landmarks and the sphenopalatine foramen. RESULTS The distance from the anterior nasal spine to the sphenopa...

background: stroke, one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, is of great importance in young adults (15-45 years), amongst whom the causes of stroke and transient ischemic attack (tia) are different from those in older ages and a significant portion of them have no known etiology. patent foramen ovale (pfo) is considered a probable cause in this group. methods: ...

the mean percentage of cryptogenic strokes among ischemic strokes is 31%, of which one-third may be associated with patent foramen ovale. the foramen ovale is required for blood flow through the fetal atrial septum.  it is formed as of the fourth week of gestation, and this leads to right-left interatrial shunt that allows the passage of oxygenated blood to systemic circulation. in 75% of cases...

During gestation period the oxygenated maternal blood is transferred to embryo via placenta and umbilical cord into right atrium. It further through an interatrial shunt left atrium, Foramen Ovale, distributed embryonic body. The foramen closed after birth, but remains occasionally patent, permitting embolization a shunt. This transferring thrombi, fat, cement bony spikes, air, malignant tissue...