â â â â â â â â â  the inner meaning of the holy quran â  â  hamid ahmadian * â â â abstractâ  the inner self (‘batin’) in the quran is set in opposition to the outer appearance (‘zaher’). ‘batin’ may have a variety of interpretations the most well-known of which are intended to be documented in this paper. different interpretations of ‘batin’ based on different opinions are as ...

Sensing actions are important for planning with incomplete information. A solution for the frame problem for sensing actions was proposed by Scherl and Levesque. They adapt the possible world model of knowledge to situation calculus. In this paper we propose a high level language in the spirit of the language A, that allows sensing actions. We then present two approximation semantics of this la...

The experimental literature is replete with examples of behavior which occur concurrently with a schedule of reinforcement. These concurrent behaviors, often with similar topographies and occurring under like circumstances, may be interpreted as functionally autonomous, collateral, adjunctive, superstitious or mediating behavior. The degree to which the interaction of concurrent and schedule co...

Pure interpretations of quantum theory, which reject the classical part of the Copenhagen interpretation without adding new structure to it’s quantum part, are not viable. This is a consequence of a non-uniqueness result for the canonical operators.