Depictive expressions of thought predate written language by thousands of years. They have evolved in communities through a kind of informal user testing that has refined them. Analyzing common visual communications reveals consistencies that illuminate how people think as well as guide design; the process can be brought into the laboratory and accelerated. Like language, visual communications ...

The studies reported here have been concerned with the programming of a digital computer to behave in a way which, if done by human beings or animals, would be described as involving the process of learning. While this is not the place to dwell on the importance of machine-learning procedures, or to discourse on the philosophical aspects,1 there is obviously a very large amount of work, now don...

This is a case study in problem-solving, representing part of a program of research on complex information-processingsystems. We have specified a system for finding proofs of theorems in elementary symbolic logic, and by programming a computer to these specifications, have obtained empirical data on the problem-solving process in elementary logic. The program is called the Logic Theory Machine ...

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Purpose: Multiple sclerosis is a progressive neurological disease and a cause of many disabilities in individuals. Set of symptoms and the chronic nature of this disease, together impair the mental state of the person and cause awidervariety of psychological symptoms worsening the disease. Therefor, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness psy...