One of the prevailing characteristics of natural life is autonomy. The field of Artificial Life has so far addressed the notion of autonomy mostly in terms of power and behavior. In this paper we attempt to extend the notion of autonomy to include also design and fabrication: We claim that not only should artificial creatures be able to operate untethered and without external guidance, but they...

Charles Darwin’s 1859 work On the Origin of Species contained no equations. But that does not mean mathematics has no role to play in the science of life; in fact, the field of biomathematics is burgeoning and has been for several decades. Ian Stewart’s new book does an admirable job of unfolding the mathematics undergirding so much of the research being carried out today in themany fields that...

A fundamental obstacle in evolutionary simulations is the necessity of designing more complex simulations to elicit more complex behaviors. We use a combat-based fitness measure to attempt to circumvent this problem. We have designed a simulation that simultaneously evolves the brains and bodies of creatures for one-on-one combat in a threedimensional environment with realistic physics. By givi...

Abstrak. Aren (Arenga pinnata) salah satu tumbuhan yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi dan merupakan sumber pencaharian masyarakat Desa Uring. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gula aren terdapat di Uring Kecamatan Pining kontribusi terhadap taraf perekonomian perkembangan usaha aren. Metode dilakukan dalam penlitian dengan cara pengumpulan data meliputi primer yakni survai lapangan ...

Why did God create a vast universe? Various answers are discussed and rejected: (a) for its beauty; (b) to instill sense of the sublime in his intelligent creatures; (c) demonstrate glory, (d) provide home extraterrestrial species; (e) guarantee that natural emergence (intelligent) life, though extremely rare, happens nonetheless somewhere; (f) no reason at all, because human notion efficiency ...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: mengetahui nilai tambah dan besarnya yang diperoleh pada pengolahan gula aren di Desa Rumah Galuh, Kecamatan Sei Bingai, Kabupaten Langkat, mata rantai, fungsi, margin tataniaga petani efisien Langkat pendapatan Langkat. Penentuan lokasi penelitian ditentukan secara purposive (sengaja) yaitu Sampel merupakan pengrajin aren. Adapun sampel dalam adalah: (12 orang),...

Pada umumnya, petani tanaman Enau atau lebih dikenal dengan Aren (Arenga pinnata Merr) mengambil hasil panennya dari buah yang diolah menjadi kolang-kaling, daun digunakan untuk membuat atap, lidi sapu ataupun kerajinan tangan lainnya serta air aren segar sebagai bahan baku pembuatan minuman tuak. Pengubahan dan peningkatan manfaat nira gula merah di Desa Buluh Awar, Kecamatan Sibolangit tidak ...