Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze the protection offered parties, participants and third parties during enforcement, as one most important requirements enforcement procedure. Having in mind that bailiffs except for implementing they are also competent determine means by which creditors’ claims will be fulfilled. realization does not mean use any kind measure or procedural activity. I...

We examine the characteristics and relative strength of third-party sanctions in a series of experiments. We hypothesize that egalitarian distribution norms and cooperation norms apply in our experiments, and that third parties, whose economic payoff is unaffected by the norm violation, may be willing to enforce these norms although the enforcement is costly for them. Almost two-thirds of the t...

Building on models of electoral competition with reputational mechanisms, I show that term limits decrease the vote share of candidates from parties less able to reward or punish candidates. Candidates suffer by not being able to credibly commit to policies far from their own preferences. Assuming that the major parties can provide better discipline of their members than third parties, the impl...

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We compare three common dispute resolution processes — negotiation, mediation, and arbitration — in the framework of Crawford and Sobel (1982). Under negotiation, the two parties engage in (possibly arbitrarily long) face-to-face cheap talk. Under mediation, the parties communicate with a neutral third party who makes a non-binding recommendation. Under arbitration, the two parties commit to co...

Abstract. Interpersonal research has shown that guilt motivates perpetrators to compensate victims at the expense of a third party, indicating emotion’s goal involves reparative outcomes rather than self-mortification. However, this motivation yet be tested in an intergroup context. Based on findings about ingroup wrongdoing, compensation was expected draw primarily shame guilt. Three experimen...