Previous studies have suggested that the presence of sea ice is an important factor in facilitating migration and determining the degree of genetic isolation among contemporary arctic fox populations. Because the extent of sea ice is dependent upon global temperatures, periods of significant cooling would have had a major impact on fox population connectivity and genetic variation. We tested th...

1. From the beginning of the modern critical era in the nineteenth century the Byzantine Textform has had a questionable reputation. Associated as it was with the faulty Textus Receptus editions which stemmed from Erasmus' or Ximenes' uncritical selection of a small number of late manuscripts (hereafter MSS), scholars in general have tended to label the Byzantine form of text "late and secondar...

shawāhid al-nabuwwa of ‘abd al-raḥmān jāmī (d. 898/1492) is among the books written by one of the sunnī scholars who has authored it with a sufi taste. in this book, jāmī has addressed the life of the prophet (s.a.w.), the twelve imams (a.s.), and the companions (ṣaḥāba) with a miracle-oriented approach and has presented precisely the same reports about the imams (a.s.) that are found in shī‘ī ...

according to halabi, a theologian and jurist in fifth century (ah), a human being is a responsible creature who needs a guide to carry out his responsibilities. while imam mahdi was present, one had to refer to him for guidence, but in his absence one has to refer to a just faqih. thus, there is no other choice; all other ruling systems lacking legitimacy.

with the advent of islam during the first half of the 7th century ce, pottery manufacture gradually started to change all over the islamic world. at the beginning iranian potters continued their pre-islamic traditions, therefore; nishapur potteries and their motifs can be seen as a link between two most flourishing eras in history of persian art (pre and post islamic period). the samanids were ...