Lignocellulosic biomass and waste, such as plastics, represent an abundant resource today, they can be converted thermo-chemically into energy in a refinery. Existing research works on catalytic non-catalytic pyrolysis performed thermally-heated reactors have been reviewed this text, along with those microwave-heated ones. Thermally-heated reactors, albeit being the most commonly used, present ...

One of the main objectives of thermal modification is to increase the biological durability of wood. In this study the fungal resistance of Norway spruce and Scots pine, thermally modified at 1958C and 2108C, was studied with a lap-joint field test. Untreated pine and spruce and pine impregnated with tributyl tin oxide (TBTO) and copper, chromium and arsenic (CCA) were selected as reference mat...