A symbol is a pattern (of physical marks, electromagnetic energy, etc.) which denotes, designates, or otherwise has meaning. The notion that intelligence requires the use and manipulation of symbols, and that humans are therefore symbol systems, has been extremely in uential in arti cial intelligence. keywords: symbol, reasoning, intelligence, representation, logic This article has two parts. W...

A direct consequence of the occurrence of fermion families in the standard model is the invariance of fermion currents under certain groups of (universal-ity) transformations. In this paper we show how these universality properties can themselves be used as a method of finding and studying " grand " family unification models. In the exact standard model limit two independent uni-versality group...