Background: Newcastle disease is a major avian disease that causes enormous economic loss in poultry industry. There have been a number of reports on the suitability of plant-based recombinant vaccine against this disease. Fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) epitopes of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) represent the major immunogenic sites for development of recomb...

Human respiratory disease associated with influenza virus infection is of significant public health concern. Macrophages, as part the front line host innate cellular defence, have been shown to play an important role in controlling viral replication. However, fatal outcomes infection, evidenced patients infected highly pathogenic strains, are often prompt activation and excessive accumulation m...

An age-structured model is used to study the possible impact of drug treatment of infections with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) on evolution of the pathogen. Inappropriate drug therapy often leads to the development of drug-resistant mutants of the virus. Previous studies have shown that natural selection within a host favors viruses that maximize their fitness. By demonstrati...

The evolution of viruses to escape prevailing host immunity involves selection at multiple integrative scales, from within-host viral and immune kinetics to the host population level. In order to understand how viral immune escape occurs, we develop an analytical framework that links the dynamical nature of immunity and viral variation across these scales. Our epidemiological model incorporates...