A weak asynchronous system is a trace monoid with a partial action on a set. A polygonal morphism between weak asynchronous systems commutes with the actions and preserves the independence of events. We prove that the category of weak asynchronous systems and polygonal mor-phisms has all limits and colimits.

This paper examines definitions of independence for events and variables in the context of full conditional measures; that is, when conditional probability is a primitive notion and conditioning is allowed on null events. Several independence concepts are evaluated with respect to graphoid properties; we show that properties of weak union, contraction and intersection may fail when null events ...

This paper examines definitions of independence for events and variables in the context of full conditional measures; that is, when conditional probability is a primitive notion and conditioning is allowed on null events. Independence concepts are evaluated with respect to graphoid properties; we show that properties of weak union, contraction and intersection may fail when null events are pres...

The computational solution of large scale linear programming problems contains various difficulties. One of the difficulties is to ensure numerical stability. There is another difficulty of a different nature, namely the original data, contains errors as well. In this paper, we show that the effect of the random errors in the original data has a diminishing tendency for the optimal value as the...

Actuaries intuitively feel that positive correlations between individual risks reveal a more dangerous situation compared to independence. The purpose of this short note is to formalize this natural idea. Specifically, it is shown that the sum of risks exhibiting a weak form of dependence known as positive cumulative dependence is larger in convex order than the corresponding sum under the theo...

This paper investigates “red culture” in three ways—its sources, representations, and relevance the present era. It looks into contexts for emergence evolution of journey democratic revolution, socialist revolution development, reform opening-up China. “Red consists legacies” spirit” that have developed over course China’s construction, under leadership Communist Party China (CPC) to achieve na...

This paper proves some independence results for weak fragments of Heyting arithmetic by using Kripke models. We present a necessary condition for linear Kripke models of arithmetical theories which are closed under the negative translation and use it to show that the union of the worlds in any linear Kripke model of HA satisfies PA. We construct a two-node PA-normal Kripke structure which does ...

0