The study investigates the materials of Russian ambassade S. Islen’ev and M. Griazev to court Qizilbash shah Safī, stored in funds State Archive Ancient Acts. archival file is a set documents reflecting process exchange embassies between Tsardom Safavid Empire 1635–1637. aim embassy I. K. was discuss some topical issues bilateral relations such as duties, restitution cases, purchase Iranian nit...

This article aims to describe the training and medical licensing system (uieop) for becoming a physician officer (uigwan) during Korea's Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392). In the Goryeo Dynasty, although no license was necessary to provide medical services to the common people, there was a licensing examination to become a physician officer. No other national licensing system for healthcare professiona...

the crisis of the religios legitimacy of safavids close to the end of this dynasty’s governance triggered many uprisings and rebellions in different parts of their ruling domain. sheikh baha_al_din estiri was the leader of one of the most important uprisings in khorasan. the sheikh, who has been frustrated with the safavid court and government’s indifference regarding the ozbacks’ attacks made ...

At the turn of the century scholars of Egyptian art were startled by the appearance of life-size portrait heads in excavations at Gizeh, the site of a large necropolis of the Old Kingdom. Until their discovery it was considered an almost invariable rule that private sculpture of the period represented types, not individuals. The Sheikh el Beled and several other representations of individuals w...

in safavid era, ottoman rulers were interested in science and culture, and there were always iranian physicians, astronomers, scholars, artists and poets in their courts. although there were always wars between most ottoman sultans and the safavid kings, they could not prevent iranian culture from influencing that land. at the same time, artists and scholars went to other countries, including t...

the saudi historiography started by the rise of saudi dynasty in central arabia in 1744, when muhammad ibn saud, the tribal ruler of the town of ad-dir'iyyah near riyadh, and muhammad ibn abd-al-wahhab, the religious leader were united. several paradigm shave been used to form such historiography in different periods. firstly, the najdian and the baghdadian paradigms can be discussed from ...