This study examines a sharp decline of school attendance among white children in the Southern US after the Civil War. According to Census data, the school-attendance rate among whites in the Confederate states declined by almost half from 1860 to 1870, whereas that in the Northern states was approximately stable. This shock left the South approximately three decades behind its antebellum trend....

In 1873, former slave John Washington (1838–1918) wrote his memoir, Memorys of the Past. This account includes a remarkable map that locates Washington’s experiences as a slave, his acts of resistance, and the route of his escape from bondage in 1862. Washington’s map is both a work of memory and a rare example of a subaltern cartographic practice. The act of mapping his experiences in Frederic...

Article history: Received 25 October 2016 Accepted 25 October 2016 Available online 26 October 2016 chrony. The MEG signatures and their analyses by statistical heat mapping, approaches pioneered by this laboratory, have allowed for the separation of reported symptoms of GWI into distinct HLA and nonHLA related domains. These findings lend further credence to an immune/neuroimmune basis for the...