Epidemiological studies suggest that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is common in developed countries and rare in countries where intestinal nematode infections are common. T cells are critical in many immune responses, including those associated with IBD and nematode infection. Among the distinct T helper (Th) cell subsets, Th1-type immune response is predominantly associated with Crohn's dis...

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been implicated in the development of allergic inflammation by promoting Th2-type responses and has become a potential therapeutic target. Using in vitro T cell differentiation cultures we were able to validate that TSLP played a more critical role in the early development of Th2 immune responses with less significant enhancement of already developed Th2 ...

Emerging T-helper type 2 (Th2 ) cytokine-based asthma therapies, such as tralokinumab, lebrikizumab (anti-interleukin (IL)-13), and mepolizumab (anti-IL-5), have shown differences in their blood eosinophil (EOS) response. To better understand these effects, we developed a mathematical model of EOS dynamics. For the anti-IL-13 therapies, lebrikizumab and tralokinumab, the model predicted an incr...

Naive CD4(+) T cell differentiation into distinct subsets of T helper (Th) cells is a pivotal process in the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Allergens predominantly stimulate Th2 cells, causing allergic inflammation. However, why allergens induce Th2 cell differentiation is not well understood. Here we show that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are required to mount a robust Th...

Oral infection with the nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus H. polygyrus is entirely restricted to the small intestine. Although the evoked Th2 response has been extensively studied in secondary lymphoid organs, little is known about the systemic dissemination of Th2 cells or type 2 associated eosinophils and basophils. In this study we use bicistronic 4get IL-4 reporter mice to directl...

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in many regions of Iran, including the city of Mashhad. In recent years, some cases have not responded to Glucantime, the usual treatment for this disease. The cellular immune response caused by T-helper type 1 (Th1) cells has an important role in protection against leishmaniasis, and activation of the T-helper type 2 (Th2) response caus...

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) is a surface molecule that is preferentially expressed on activated Th1 cells in comparison to Th2 cells. Blockade of Tim-3 has been shown to enhance Th1-driven pathology in vivo, suggesting that blockade of Tim-3 may improve the development of Th2-associated responses such as allergy. To examine the effects of Tim-3 blockade ...

Interleukin (IL)-4 is the quintessential T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine produced by CD4(+) T cells in response to helminth infection. IL-4 not only promotes the differentiation of Th2 cells but is also critical for immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgE isotype-switched antibody responses. Despite the IL-4-mediated link between Th2 cells and B lymphocytes, the location of IL-4-producing T cells in the ...

T1/ST2 is an orphan receptor of unknown function that is expressed on the surface of murine T helper cell type 2 (Th2), but not Th1 effector cells. In vitro blockade of T1/ST2 signaling with an immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion protein suppresses both differentiation to and activation of Th2, but not Th1 effector populations. In a nascent Th2-dominated response, anti-T1/ST2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) i...

Fermentation by Rhizopus spp. has been used as a traditional medicine for treating various inflammatory diseases. Allergic asthma is chronic respiratory disease that caused an exaggerated immune response. This study was conducted to ascertain the anti-inflammatory effects of fermentation extract (RU) on mouse model ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma. The animals were intraperitoneally injected OVA ...