this study examined the effects of aural and written prompts under two planning conditions (i.e. pre-task planning and no planning) on complexity, accuracy, and fluency of test takers' writing production. forty learners in an english institute, who had already been classified as intermediate according to the oxford placement test, were assigned to two planning conditions (i.e. no planning and p...

Scholarship about implicit, or unconscious, racial bias has become increasingly sophisticated and robust in the past decade. This research suggests that most individuals harbor stereotypes that affect, often unknowingly, their perceptions of the character and qualities of different races and ethnic groups. The most sophisticated test, the Implicit Association Test, measures the ease and speed w...

validation is an important enterprise especially when a test is a high stakes one. demographic variables like gender and field of study can affect test results and interpretations. differential item functioning (dif) is a way to make sure that a test does not favor one group of test takers over the others. this study investigated dif in terms of gender in the reading comprehension subtest (35 i...

Abstract The idea of sources other than the test-takers’ knowledge leading to different results on high-stakes tests was motif based which present investigation initiated probable unreliability a test. For this purpose, researchers went through thorough literature review with aim identify issues be counted as test, i.e., MA University Entrance Exam English (UEEE) in Iran. First, 17 UEEE test-ta...

The pivotal role of listening comprehension in second/foreign language learning requires that researchers conduct studies which investigate factors that affect test takers’ performances. The present study was set out to examine whether item modality (i.e., written vs. oral items) affects listening comprehension test performance. In addition, it investigated whether allowing test takers to take ...

BACKGROUND In Korea, the cumulative number of HIV-infected individuals was smaller than those of other countries. Mandatory HIV tests, dominating method until 1990's, have been gradually changed to voluntary HIV tests. We investigated HIV seroprevalence status and its characteristics of visitors to Public Health Centers (PHCs), which conducted both mandatory test and voluntary test under the na...