Serum protein electrophoresis is used in clinical practice to identify patients with multiple myeloma and other serum protein disorders. It is an inexpensive and easy-to-perform screening procedure. Electrophoresis separates serum proteins based on their physical properties and identifies morphologic patterns in response to acute and chronic inflammation, various malignancies, liver or renal fa...

Cryoglobulin (CR) denotes a serum immunoglobulin that precipitates at temperatures below 37°C and dissolves on re-warming. CRs are heterogeneous in chemical composition and behave differently in vivo and in vitro. The majority are mixed antigen-antibody complexes that occur with high incidence in autoimmune and infectious disorders. Their measurement is important in the management of patients w...

Chest pain is oneof themost challenging symptoms for emergencymedicinephysicians toevaluate.Theymust identifypatients with cardiac ischemia without subjecting all patients, the overwhelmingmajority ofwhomdonothave ischemia, to unnecessary testing.Mostpatients evaluated in the emergency department (ED) for chest pain who have normal electrocardiogramfindingsandnegative results of cardiacbiomarke...

    Molecular epidemiology is a subdivision of medical science and epidemiology that emphases on the involvement of potential environmental and genetic risk factors, recognized at the molecular level, to the etiology and avoidance of sickness through populations. This arena has developed from the combination of molecular biology and traditional epidemiological research. Molecular...

The Turing test is considered one of the most important thought experiments in the history of AI. It is argued that the test shows how people think like computers, but is this actually true? In this paper, we discuss an entirely new perspective. Scientific languages have their foundational limitations, for example, in their power of expression. It is thus possible to discuss the limitations of ...