Citations of other patents or the non-patent literature (notably scientific publications) are useful in quantifying knowledge transfers across organisations (e.g. compa y to comp ny or university to industr ), eographical regions or technolo y fields, as well as capturing knowledge spillo r from specific inv nting entities (e.g. multinational to omestic firms or from public res arch centres to ...

This paper incorporates the cost of adjustment between observed and optimal leverage in explaining the variation in firm’s equity or bank-debt financing investments. Using a dynamic adjustment approach identifies the determinants to capital structure between different financial systems. In relation to firm sales U.K and U.S firms have 50-100 percent more equity financing than Swedish firms depe...

Economic Integration, Market Power and Technological Change We examine a common market which expands by integrating new regions. Capitalists are strategically interdependent through the goods market and they improve their productivity through R&D. Production and R&D employ unionized workers. The purpose of integration is to maximize a weighed average of workers’ and capitalists’ utilities. The ...

The challenge for developing country agriculture in the next 25 years is enormous, particularly if it is not only to satisfy the growing effective demand for food, but also help reduce poverty and malnutrition, and do it in an environmentally sustainable fashion. Due to population growth and rising incomes, demand in the developing countries is predicted to increase by 59% for cereals, 60% for ...

This paper studies the effects of a tax on energy use in a growth model where market structure is endogenous and jointly determined with the rate of technological change. Because this economy does not exhibit the scale effect (a positive relation between TFP growth and aggregate R&D), the tax has no effect on the steady-state growth rate. It has, however, important transitional effects that giv...