This article applies Casual Layered Analysis (CLA) (Inayatullah, 2004) as a framework to examine factors that affect applying a student-centered learning approach in Vietnam. The Four layers of CLA help disclose weaknesses in the current traditional learning approach, causes that create the problems and hidden beliefs that keep traditional perceptions about learning permanent. The results revea...

Scholars in student learning have shown a growing interest in using Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) as a cooperative learning technique in classroom teaching. This study explores the effects of STAD on student achievement, attitude and motivation in economics education. Three research instruments, a Test of Economic Literacy (TEL); a Motivation Scale and an Economics Modular Test wer...

iii Acknowledgement To God be the glory for the things He has done! Thanks to my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ for giving me the strength and fortitude to make this endeavor a reality. A very special thanks to the loves of my life—Pamela, my darling wife, and Joneya, daddy's little princess—your encouragement and support have been unwavering and I love both of you immensely. Now that this is don...