First, it cannot explain the differences among the writers—unless it is assumed that verbal differences indicate different events. In that case, one would have to say that Jesus was tempted by the devil twice, that the Lord’s Supper was offered twice, and that Peter denied the Lord six to nine times! In fact, one might have to say that Christ was raised from the dead more than once if this were...

Satellite remote sensing has revolutionized modern oceanography, providing frequent synoptic-scale information that can be used to deduce ocean processes. However, it is often difficult to extract interpretable patterns from satellite images, as data sets are large and often non-linear. In this methodological paper, we describe the self-organizing map (SOM), a type of artificial neural network ...

Air pollution in urban cites is caused not only by local emission sources but also significantly by regional atmospheric pollutant transport from surrounding areas. This study is to identify regional atmospheric PM10 transport pathways through an integrated modeling and synoptic pressure pattern analysis approach with a case study in Beijing, northern China. Beijing is a city sensitive to trans...

Analyses of more than 40 years of climatic data reveal intriguing spatial variations in climatic patterns for Beringia (North-eastern Siberia and Alaska), aiding the understanding of the hierarchy of climatic controls that operate at different spatial scales within the Arctic. A synoptic climatology, using a subjective classification methodology on January and July sea level pressure, and July ...

In this study, we investigate the interaction between the tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation (ISO) and midlatitude atmospheric low-frequency variability, using observational data and numerical models, with a special emphasis on the role of the synoptic eddy feedback. A statistical closure for the synoptic eddy-to-low frequency flow feedback is constructed, based on a singular value decompositio...

The role of scale interactions in the maintenance of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) during the extreme phases of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) is examined through the construction of a new eddy energetics diagnostic tool that separates the effects of ISO and a low-frequency background state (LFBS; with periods longer than 90 days). The LFBS always contributes positively toward the EKE in the b...

The climatology of northern hemisphere blocking events is presented assessing the relative contributions of the planetary and synoptic scales to 500 hPa heights in order to determine the proportion of blocks dominated by a single-scale. The heights were averaged over a region encompassing the block, and then compared with corresponding monthly mean values. If planetaryscale or synoptic-scale he...

The daily weather at a particular place is largely influenced by the synoptic circulation and thermodynamic profile of the atmosphere. Heavy rainfall occurs from a particular subset of synoptic and thermodynamic states. Baseline climatologies provide objective information on heavy rainfall-producing circulation patterns and thermodynamic variables. This is how climatologically large or extreme ...

The surgical pathology report on cancer resection specimens is fundamental to providing clinicians with the information needed for adequate patient oncology treatment. Since the multi-institutional quality study on pathology reporting of colorectal cancer published by Zarbo in 1992, many other studies have shown that the use of checklists or synoptic reporting is superior to traditional narrati...