Stratospheric water vapor concentrations and age of air are investigated in an ensemble of coupled chemistry-climate model simulations covering the period from 1960 to 2005. Observed greenhouse gas concentrations, halogen concentrations, aerosol amounts, and sea surface temperatures are all specified in the model as time-varying fields. The results are compared with two experiments (time-slice ...

background: measurement of back ground concentration of uranium in drinking water is very important for many reasons, specially, for human health. the uranium concentration in drinking water in many counties is a matter of concern for clinical and radioactive poisoning. materials and methods: the uranium concentration in drinking water is determined using laser flourimatric uranium analyzer. fo...

some children of borazjan area have minute white flecks, yellow or brown spot areas scattered irregularly over the tooth surface, the causative factor was attributed to excess of fluoride in water. to verify this matter short chemical examination of water samples from endemic area was carried out. the results of water analysis by colorimetric method, using zirconium a1izarin reagent after disti...

heat and mass transfer, in this paper, is considered in one-row heat exchanger, that fins are hotter than air flow and water is added to fins. related governing equations are derived by analyzing a two-dimension model in a unique cell of a heat exchange. these equations are numerically solved by finite difference method. heat transfer and efficiency under partially wet surface are calculated by...

Controls on nitrate leaching from upland moorland catchments are not yet fully understood and yet, despite agreements on emission reductions, increased surface water nitrate concentrations may affect significantly the acidity status of these waters in the future. At Lochnagar, an upland moorland catchment in N.E. Scotland, 12 years of surface water chemistry observations have identified a stead...

aerosol impact on people health, social and economic activities, land and water ecosystems and meteorological parameter. the gocart scheme was evaluated for simulating pm10 in this study. gocart was run into wrf model as a host model. reanalysis data from fnl for every 6 hour was used for initial conditions. one domain and two nests were used to cover region from west africa till east asia, ira...

We analyze the sensitivity of the oceanic thermohaline circulation (THC) regarding perturbations in fresh water flux for a range of coupled oceanic general circulation – atmospheric energy balance models. The energy balance model (EBM) predicts surface air temperature and fresh water flux and contains the feedbacks due to meridional transports of sensible and latent heat. In the coupled system ...

the groundwater resources of the urmia plain have been under intensive tension for the last recent years. this has caused the production and observation wells to become dry and in some local places well deepening to take place. in some other locations, the groundwater level is high and there is a danger of local water logging condition along with its associated drainage work. for the settlement...