introduction: present children are the investments of community in the future. preparing children health which leads to the stability of community health, provided to accurate implementation of educational and health programs in the community and especially in mothers. so it is necessary to determine the relationship between parents' literacy with growth rate in children.   materials and m...

BACKGROUND Trends in the nutritional status for developing countries that are undergoing rapid economic growth indicate a decrease in protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) with an associated rise in obesity prevalence. OBJECTIVE This paper analyses how supplementary feeding programmes may contribute to rising obesity trends, what factors may explain this phenomenon, and potential strategies to av...

Background: Feeding intolerance is a common problem among premature infants. There is limited information on the safety and effects of oral probiotic supplements, especially products containing Lactobacillus reuteri, and the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in low birth weight preterm infants. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus reuteri on the gastrointestinal ...

Despite the ubiquity and magnitude of food provision to wildlife, our understanding of its ecological effects and conservation implications is very limited. Supplementary feeding of ungulates, still one of the main paradigms of game management in Europe, occurs in natural areas on an enormous scale. We investigated the indirect effects of this practice on nest predation risk in the Polish Easte...

The kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) is a large, flightless, nocturnal parrot, endemic to New Zealand. It is critically endangered, with a world population of ca. 62 individuals and a male-biased adult sex ratio. The species has a polygynous ‘‘lek’’ mating system and adult males typically weigh 30–40% more than females. The kakapo is subject to intensive conservation efforts, including the provisi...

This chapter discusses food intakes, principally of dietary energy, in infants fed in various ways: exclusively from the breast, with breast milk plus supplementary or complementary foods, and by artificial feeding. Changing attitudes toward infant feeding are emphasized, and it is shown that as in many other age groups in industrialized countries, the amounts of food consumed during infancy an...

Automatic monitoring of liveweight and weight change is now possible with walk–through weighing systems. Computer–based drafting can incorporate a range of measurements such as pregnancy status, past performance, value–for–wool and value–for–meat to implement decisions on supplementary feeding. The combination of these technologies will provide the option of allocating animals likely to give th...