Tornado is a novel 256-bit block cipher that accepts a variablelength key up to 256 bits. The proposed cipher was built on an idea which gives it a dynamic nature. This nature means that the cipher execution flow varies according to the user’s input key. The confusion and diffusion processes are performed based on 10 round functions named “Storm-functions”. A selection and reordering operations...

distribution of magnetic fields in the quiet-sun internetwork areas has been affected by weak polarization (in particular stokes q and u) signals. to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (snr) of the weak polarization signals, several approaches, including temporal integrations, have been proposed in the literature. in this study, we aim to investigate a proper temporal-integration time with which...

Tornadoes cause loss of life and damage to property each year in the United States and around the world. The largest impacts come from 'outbreaks' consisting of multiple tornadoes closely spaced in time. Here we find an upward trend in the annual mean number of tornadoes per US tornado outbreak for the period 1954-2014. Moreover, the variance of this quantity is increasing more than four times ...

The impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on United States tornadoes has been a controversial topic in the last 15 years. Widely varied and contradicting conclusions exist regarding the topic, especially when attempting to correlate shifts in location of tornadoes to ENSO phase. For instance, Hagemeyer (1998) noted a tendency toward stronger, more frequent tornadoes in Florida during El...

The Mesocyclone Detection Algorithm (MDA) is used in the Weather Surveillance Radar –1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) to detect rotation associated with tornadoes and other severe weather. The MDA analyzes Doppler radar radial velocity volume scans to compose a number of attributes thought to be related to mesocyclone formation. The 23 attributes of the MDA are compared to truthed tornado data in explora...

Tornadoes, which are one of the most feared natural phenomena, present a significant challenge to forecasters who strive to provide adequate warnings of the imminent danger. Forecasters recognize the general environmental conditions within which a tornadic thunderstorm, called a supercell thunderstorm, will form. They also recognize a supercell thunderstorm with its rotating updraft, or mesocyc...

A high-resolution simulation of the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma tornadic supercell is analyzed to determine the origin of internal outflow surges within the low-level cold pool. The analyzed simulation has 50-m horizontal grid spacing and is quadruply nested within larger, lower-resolution domains that were initialized via threedimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) of radar and other observ...