human airway is generally destructed by inhaled factors and is the barrier to the external environment and has a crucial role in protection of the internal homeostasis of the lung. sulfur mustard (sm) is a chemical warfare that capable of producing severe chemical injuries primarily in the lungs. trefoil factor family (tffs) plays major roles in epithelial repair and homeostasis, particularly i...

objective(s):sulfur mustard (sm) was used by the iraqi army against the iranian troops in the iran-iraq war from 1983–1988. this chemical gas affects different organs including the skin, lungs and the hematopoietic system. any exposure to sm increases the risk of chromosomal breaking, hyperdiploidy and hypodiploidy. studies have shown that the risk for acute myeloblastic and lymphoblastic leuke...

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a toxic chemical agent that belongs to a class of vesicant compounds. In the 1980s it was used by the Iraqi army against Iranian forces. Sulfur mustard severely irritates the skin, eyes and lungs. The highest side effects seen in patients affected by this gas are pulmonary complications including different types of lung diseases such as bronchiolitis. It has also led to a...

lung exposure to sulfur mustard (sm) results in pulmonary complications, which is the main cause of long-term disability and morbidity. up to now, the precise mechanisms of sm-induced lung complications has not been identified. the aim of this study was to evaluate apoptosis in the lung tissue of sm-exposed individuals. the study was performed on archived lung paraffin-embedded tissue specimens...

background & objectives: respiratory, central nervous system, and skin complications of mustard gas toxicity have previously been studied; however, the liver and kidney side effects due to this intoxication have not been fully noted. we aimed to evaluate the frequency of liver, kidney and lung lesions in mustard gas-exposed iranian veterans who had been exposed to the toxin almost 2 decades...

sulfur mustard (sm) is a chemical warfare agent which was widely used in the world war i and more recently during gulf war in the early 1980s'. sm is a strong alkylating agent with known mutagenic and carcinogenic effects but only few studies have been published on its teratogenicity. since sm has been widely used as a chemical weapon by the iraqi regime against the iranian soldiers as well as ...

sulfur mustard, a bifunctional alkylating agent, causes severe eye injury. the injury is a result of late inflammation, which is mediated by prostaglandins. theoretically, inhibition of prostaglandins by reagents such as indomethacine could result in alleviation of clinical adverse effects. in this study, the protective effect of topically applied indomethacine against sulfur mustard toxicity w...

Sulfur mustard, a bifunctional alkylating agent, causes severe eye injury. The injury is a result of late inflammation, which is mediated by prostaglandins. Theoretically, inhibition of prostaglandins by reagents such as indomethacine could result in alleviation of clinical adverse effects. In this study, the protective effect of topically applied indomethacine against sulfur mustard toxici...

introduction: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) secondary to sulfur mustard gas poisoning, known as mustard lung, is a major late pulmonary complications in chemical warfare patients. serious comorbidities like dyslipidemia are frequently encountered in copd. the aim of this study was to measure the serum lipid profile and evaluate the relation of lipid parameters with the severity o...

Over 100,000 Iranian war veterans suffer from chronic effects of mustard gas exposure. Sulfur mustard was used by Iraq during the Iraqi-imposed war on Iran (between 1980 and 1988). The major complaints of these patients are mild interstitial fibrosis and bronchiolitis. We aimed to determine the state of fibrosis progression and assessed transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 levels in pulmonary...