In the first part of the paper, I argue that current pragmatic theories of NPI licensing fail to capture the distinction between strong and weak NPIs. Specifically, I will show that an analysis in terms of covert even alone can not account for the limited distribution of strong NPIs. In the second part, I investigate the implicatures of even sentences in weak licensing contexts. I show that the...

Nonparametric predictive inference (NPI) is a statistical method based on Hill’s assumption A(n) [13], which gives a direct conditional probability for a future observable random quantity, conditional on observed values of related random quantities [1, 3]. Suppose that X1, . . . , Xn, Xn+1 are continuous and exchangeable random quantities. Let the ordered observed values of X1, . . . , Xn be de...

Product Development Process (PDP) has been recognized as a source of competitive pro ̄ts, and thus, it has received increasing attention. The existing methods for monitoring PDP performance, however, are either cumbersome or fail to connect the competitive priorities to the performance management process. Accordingly, in this paper, a model to evaluate PDP performance is considered as a multi-cr...

According to Wikipedia creativity is “a mental and social process involving the generation of new ideas or problem solutions, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts”. Creativity towards innovation in product development settings are often used interchangeably. Innovation and creative product development refer to completely new as well as significantly improv...

This paper integrates the knowledge-based view of the firm and new product development team literature to analyze how firms develop the capability to create new knowledge and thus extending the knowledge-based view of the firm. The results indicate that internal and external knowledge sharing and common knowledge among project members support this capability. Among the integrative mechanisms, i...

The continuous development andmarket introduction of new products can be an important determinantof sustained companyperformance. For approximately 30 years, conceptual and empirical researchhasbeenundertakento identify thecritical success factorsofnewproducts. This paper reviews the findings of empirical work into the success factors of new product development (NPD). It is the prime objective ...

ABSRTACT Basically involvement of modularity in the manufacturing of products produced some effects extensively in development. This Paper presents a methodology of modular based design in different conceptual stages of manufacturing system to support modularity. The results of the study will identify that how the modularity also influence the time and cost factors by functional changes in proc...

Design by analogy, in which designers draw inspiration from cross-domain design solutions, is a promising methodology for product development. This work attempts to leverage the existing design solutions within a repository, combined with an exploration of inherent structural forms that can be discovered based on the content and similarity of that data, in order to gain useful insights into the...