Well-known techniques exist for proving the soundness of subtyping relations with respect to type safety. However, completeness has not been treated with widely applicable techniques, as far as we’re aware. This paper develops techniques for stating and proving that a subtyping relation is complete with respect to type safety and applies the techniques to the study of iso-recursive subtyping. A...

We have previously developed a software package called PrimerHunter to design primers for PCR-based virus subtyping. In this study, 9 pairs of primers were designed with PrimerHunter and successfully used to differentiate the 9 neuraminidase (NA) genes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in multiple PCR-based assays. Furthermore, primer pools were designed and successfully used to decrease the nu...

We present a general theory of behavioural subtyping for name passing interactive behaviours using early name-passing synchronisation trees. In this theory types are collections of name passing synchronisation trees organised by typed variants of process-theoretic operations, and a simple behavioural notion of subtyping speciies when one type denotes more constrained behaviours than another, oo...

This paper establishes the decidability of typechecking in Fω ∧ , a typed lambda calculus combining higher-order polymorphism, subtyping, and intersection types. It contains the first proof of decidability of subtyping for a higher-order system.

A rapid protocol for subtyping vancomycin-resistant enterococci by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is reported. The procedure is simple and potentially cost-effective and allows reproducible subtyping of the strains in approximately 1 day.

As popularity of algebraic effects and handlers increases, so does a demand for their efficient execution. Eff, an ML-like language with native support for handlers, has a subtyping-based effect system on which an effect-aware optimizing compiler could be built. Unfortunately, in our experience, implementing optimizations for Eff is overly error-prone because its core language is implicitly-typ...

The Seventh International Workshop on Foundations of Object-Oriented Languages (FOOL 7) was held on January 22, 2000, and it was colocated with the ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Martı́n Abadi chaired the program committee, which received 19 submissions and accepted 6 of them. After the workshop, extended versions of 4 articles were solicited ...

The notion of MyType has been proposed to promote type-safe reuse of binary methods and recently extended to mutually recursive definitions. It is well known, however, that MyType does not match with subtyping well. In the current type systems, type safety is guaranteed at the expenses of subtyping, hence dynamic dispatch. In this article, we propose two mechanisms, namely, nonheritable methods...

Although Entity-Relationship (ER) modelling techniques are commonly used for information modelling, Object-Role Modelling (ORM) techniques are becoming increasingly popular, partly because they include detailed design procedures providing guidelines for the modeller. As with the ER approach, a number of different ORM techniques exist. In this paper, we propose an integration of two theoreticall...