Over the past decade, China has intensified its anti-corruption efforts. On 21 December 2012, “Alcohol Consumption Prohibition at Military Functions” was announced, which made consumption of high-end Chinese Baijiu decline. We apply principal-agent theory to analyze potential substitution effect, and then, we difference in model event study method test effect between foreign alcohol by using ma...

Abstract Excessive consumption of added sugar is associated with many health problems, for example obesity, type 2 diabetes, etc. Hence there an urgent need the product reformulation by total replacement or partial reduction in food industry. The aim this research was to study effect substitution (by stevia and xylitol) on model confectionary systems. We investigated differences texture propert...

in this paper, a faster method for embedding cryptographic information in the image ispresented by expressing the concept of latent prints (steganography). data is encrypted bytwo methods before embedding to increase reliability. then they are embedded into the imageby a button, a method has been expressed to reduce potential noise impact on the wayinformation is encoded.

Amino acid substitutions have been identified in the influenza A virus nucleoprotein that are associated with escape from recognition by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). One of these is the arginine-to-glycine substitution at position 384 (R384G). This substitution alone, however, is detrimental to viral fitness, which is overcome in part by the functionally compensating co-mutati...

This paper explores the substitution relationship between trade credit and bank credit, and its countercyclic dynamic pattern through economic cycles. We propose a new theoretical model, using a mechanism design method, which predicts the substitution between the two credits and its counter-cyclic behavior, subject to the condition of technological efficiency not less than one. This model also ...

Phosphorothioate substitution-interference experiments, routinely used to stereospecifically identify phosphoryl oxygen sites that participate in RNA-ligand binding and RNA-directed catalysis, rest in their interpretation on the untested assumption that substitution does not alter the conformation of the modified molecule from its biologically active state. Using NMR spectroscopy, we have teste...

Oligonucleotides libraries have been developed for various applications, but the library size of oligonucleotide increases dramatically with the addition of oligonucleotide length. To assess the possibility of shortening library size by using universal base, deoxyinosine (dITP), the effect of single/multiple dITP substituted in oligonucleotide on ligation was investigated. It was found that dif...