BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that a cannabis withdrawal syndrome is common, of clinical significance, and has a clear time course. Up till now, very limited data exist on the cannabis withdrawal symptoms in patients with co-morbid substance use disorders, other than cannabis use and tobacco use. METHODS Symptoms of withdrawal were assessed through patient self-reports during detoxifica...

Zhou, Q. 2001, The Impact of Substance P (SP) N-Terminal Metabolite SP1-7 in Opioid Tolerance and Withdrawal. Acta Univ. Ups. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Pharmacy 260. 60 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-5174-8. The heptapeptide SP1-7, a metabolite of the neuroactive peptide substance P (SP), is suggested to play a role in opioid addiction and memory function. T...

A residue is any substance which is left behind in the tissues of an animal which has been treated with that substance. Drug residues are most commonly the result of the failure of the elimination of the drug from the edible portions of the animal because insufficient time was allowed between the last treatment and slaughter of the animal. Residues found in beef above tolerable levels can occur...

Opioids, amphetamines, and other types of substances have been widely abused around the world. Opioid dependence and tolerance are two distinct phenomena that have been associated with substance abuse issues. The management of its adverse consequences is becoming more challenging. More and more people are treated in Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) program yet the issues are still unresolved...

This study examines the reasons given for non-participation in the 1984 Aberdeen Milk Marathon by those people who entered for the race but did not run. The major reason was found to be injury during training. The future running plans of the sample were also investigated and it was found that the vast majority aimed to continue marathon running. Around two-thirds of the sample had decided not t...

A threshold reinforcement model in insect societies is explored over a range of colony sizes and levels of task demand to examine their effects upon worker polyethism. We find that increasing colony size while keeping the demand proportional to the colony size causes an increase in the differentiation among individuals in their activity levels, thus explaining the occurrence of elitism (individ...

Acute stressors are commonly experienced by wild animals but their effects on fitness rarely are studied in the natural environment. Billions of fish are captured and released annually around the globe across all fishing sectors (e.g., recreational, commercial, subsistence). Whatever the motivation, release often occurs under the assumption of post-release survival. Yet, capture by fisheries (h...