Abstract This work introduces a new alternative to obtain strut-and-tie models using the hybrid topology optimization method, which is already proposed in technical literature and refined here use polygonal finite elements accelerate solution of material nonlinearity problem. In this concrete approached as continuum, two-dimensional elements, steel bars truss one-dimensional with two nodes. For...

Strut and tie models consist of axial force members which react on one another and on external supports through nodes, i.e. they are trusses. An analysis of a truss problem is normally entered by reducing it to a line diagram of member centrelines representing the lines along which the stress resultants in the members are intended to act. When forces are concentrated in a line diagram the nodes...

Masonry infill walls are often used as non-structural elements. According to the past structural failure, ignorance of interaction between infill walls and enclosed frame may lead to the different seismic response for non-ductile building frames. The main contribution of this paper is to analytically investigate the behavior of reinforced concrete with masonry infill panels as participating str...

This paper addresses the stress field of reinforced concrete (RC) beam–column joints retrofitted with haunches. Design such solution currently assumes internal forces evaluated by so called β-factor approach, which was originally conceived targeting enhancement steel moment-resisting frames. Extension to RC is subsequent as it emerges from literature survey. The analytical model first criticall...

The high level of shear stress present in reinforced concrete deep beams has been the subject interest for a considerable number studies due to uncertainties involved. Several structural codes and standards around world have recommended using strut-and-tie method (STM) design such elements. STM is proven efficient accurate, however, successful application relies decisively on skills designer co...

Shear strength of precast concrete ribbed slabs reinforced with electro-welded lattice girders variable height is experimentally verified. Technical justification given for the use high latticework in reinforcement lightweight double-tee and 30 cm thickness. It was established that contribution to shear always higher than expected values according Spanish standards. Furthermore, as low exhibite...