In many languages there are concepts for warm and cold colors. Research on color-temperature correspondence and their interaction is quite scarce, and based mostly on subjective measures. It is still unknown whether and to what extent colors bear the thermal information. The current study explored the relationship between warm and cold colors (red and blue) and thermal aspects of the word seman...

The control of language use has in its simplest form perhaps been most intensively studied using the color-word Stroop task. The authors review chronometric and neuroimaging evidence on Stroop task performance to evaluate two prominent, implemented models of control in naming and reading: GRAIN and WEAVER++. Computer simulations are reported, which reveal that WEAVER++ offers a more satisfactor...

OBJECTIVE To generate normative data on the Stroop Test across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and, Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered t...

Recently, Derek Besner and his colleagues (Bauer & Besner, 1997; Besner & Stolz, 1999a, 1999b; Besner, Stolz, & Boutilier, 1997; Stolz & Besner, 1999) have reported some experiments that apparently challenge the “automatic” character of word recognition in the Stroop task. The basic underlying idea in their studies is that if the Stroop effect is reduced or even eliminated under certain experim...

Research indicates that cognitive control is affected by aging and by emotion. However, no studies have addressed whether performance in an emotional Stroop task varies in older relative to younger adults. We examined the effect of aging in a classic Stroop color-naming task (Experiment 1) and in an emotional Stroop task using faces (Experiment 2). Results suggest that aging is associated with ...

Previous work has shown that the Stroop effect is reduced in size when a single letter is colored and spatially precued. The present experiment addresses a number of criticisms of this work by (1) providing a direct measure of semantic processing, (2) using a vocal response instead of a manual one, and (3) using a more appropriate baseline. A semantically based Stroop effect (slower color namin...

The presence of the Stroop effect betrays the fact that the carrier words were read in the face of instructions to ignore them and to respond to the target ink colors. In this study, we probed the nature of this involuntary reading by comparing color performance with that in a new forced-reading Stroop task in which responding is strictly contingent on reading each and every word. We found larg...

The Stroop task is an excellent tool to test whether reading a word automatically activates its associated meaning, and it has been widely used in mono- and bilingual contexts. Despite of its ubiquity, the task has not yet been employed to test the automaticity of recently established word-concept links in novel-word-learning studies, under strict experimental control of learning and testing co...