We propose using Stochastic Frontier Analysis to estimate pupils’ academic underachievement. model underachievement as the gap between expected achievement and actual achievement, not due a learning disability. Our data are panel for 2,228 Belgian pupils observed over 6 years of primary education. found that average is 23.5%. That is, pupil does exploit about one fourth their potential. Gifted ...

Recent research has shown that combination approaches, such as taking the maximum or mean over different methods of estimating efficiency scores, have practical merits and offer a useful alternative to adopting only one technique. This recent shows minimizes risk underestimation, improves precision estimation. In this paper, we propose implement formal criterion weighting based on maximizing pr...