Rebuilding damaged or diseased tissue by means of biological additive manufacturing has recently gained lot attention and shown very promising result. Using biofabrication techniques to mimic replicate natural as well cell environment is a capable way achieve physiologically relevant conditions. Especially in electrophysiological human like cardiac neural tissue, proper signal transduction para...

Sensitive skin is a self-diagnosed condition and usually not accompanied by any obvious physical signs of irritation. Patients with this syndrome have unpleasant sensations whenever exposed to physical, thermal or chemical stimuli that normally cause no provocation on healthy skin. Cosmetics, barrier impairment, climate changes are the main contributing factors for hyperactivity. Although diagn...

The pupillary light response has been shown not to be a purely reflexive mechanism but to be sensitive to higher order perceptual processes, such as covert visual attention. In the present study we examined whether the pupillary light response is modulated by stimuli that are not physically present but are maintained in visual working memory. In all conditions, displays contained both bright an...

To efficiently detect a wide range of light-intensity changes, visual neurons must adapt to ambient luminance. However, how neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) code the distribution of luminance remains unknown. We designed stimuli that represent rapid changes in luminance under different luminance distributions and investigated V1 neuron responses to these novel stimuli. We demonstrate t...

it is not known whether the instincts of wild horses have remained strong during their centuries of domestication. knowledge of this matter would give riders the opportunity to know more about the behavior of horses and consequently about safety for both horses and riders. in this current research, we studied the behavior of fifteen caspian miniature horses of different ages and sexes using sti...

Gray's (1970) reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) was recently updated (Gray & McNaughton, 2000), but the changes have not received extensive empirical validation. The study tests three novel predictions of the revised RST. First, the behavioral activation system (BAS) is expected to be sensitive to both conditioned and unconditioned incentives. Second, the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)...

The role of contextual expectation in processing familiar and novel stimuli was investigated in a series of experiments combining eye tracking, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and behavioral methods. An experimental paradigm emphasizing either familiarity or novelty detection at retrieval was used. The detection of unexpected familiar and novel stimuli, which were characterized by lower ...

Mitral cells, the principal cells of the olfactory bulb, respond to sensory stimulation with precisely timed patterns of action potentials. By contrast, the same neurons generate intermittent spike clusters with variable timing in response to simple step depolarizations. We made whole cell recordings from mitral cells in rat olfactory bulb slices to examine the mechanisms by which normal sensor...