Spinal rigid instrumentations have been used to fuse and stabilize spinal segments as a surgical treatment for various spinal disorders to date. This technology provides immediate stability after surgery until the natural fusion mass develops. At present, rigid fixation is the current gold standard in surgical treatment of chronic back pain spinal disorders. However, such systems have several d...

STUDY DESIGN This is a case series. PURPOSE We wanted to identify variations in the practice patterns among neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons for the management of spinal disorders. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE Spinal disorders are common in the clinical practice of both neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons. It has been observed that despite the availability of various guidelines, there is l...

Study Design A broad narrative review. Objectives Outcome assessment in spinal disorders is imperative to help monitor the safety and efficacy of the treatment in an effort to change the clinical practice and improve patient outcomes. The following article, part two of a two-part series, discusses the various outcome tools and instruments utilized to address spinal disorders and their managemen...

Work environment change during the Covid-19 pandemic caused symptoms of health problems. Since online school, teachers at Nurul Islam Integrated Islamic Elementary School, Cahaya Ilmu and Al-Iman School have experienced mental physical Mental disorders such as work stress, both stress that comes from within themselves organization/environment. Physical problems felt by were eye nerve disorders,...

Background and Aim: Neurofibromatosis-1(NF-1) is a common genetic condition in children. It is becoming increasingly recognized that in neurofibromatosis, there might be anomalous development of bone with or without any local anomaly of neuro-ectodermal basis. This review was conducted to highlight the different features of spinal disorders in this congenital disease. Methods and Materials: Di...