A fundamental question in neuroscience is how neurons perform precise operations despite inherent variability. This question also applies to neuromorphic engineering, where low-power microchips emulate the brain using large populations of diverse silicon neurons. Biological neurons in the auditory pathway display precise spike timing, critical for sound localization and interpretation of comple...

Neurons are often assumed to operate in a highly unreliable manner: a neuron can signal the same stimulus with a variable number of action potentials. However, much of the experimental evidence supporting this view was obtained in the visual cortex. We have, therefore, assessed trial-to-trial variability in the auditory cortex of the rat. To ensure single-unit isolation, we used cell-attached r...

Most of the required increases in food production over next decades are expected to be achieved through crop yield. As wheat is essential for security it worrying that its yield gains last two were small. To achieve further critical continue increasing number grains per unit area (GN m-2), trait best related In this context, relevant identify main determinants GN m-2 response genetic and enviro...

To identifying of the high yielding wheat lines with optimal characteristics and to determine the traits which could be used as the selection index for increasing of grain yield, 40 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Norstar and Zagros cultivars were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured characters consisted of peduncle weight, ...

The speed with which neurones in the monkey temporal lobe can respond selectively to the presence of a face implies that processing may be possible using only one spike per neurone, a finding that is problematic for conventional rate coding models that need at least two spikes to estimate interspike interval. One way of avoiding this problem uses the fact that integrate-and-fire neurones will t...