to achieve sustainable urban development and values from social justice; it is essential that all citizens enjoy resources, facilities and life opportunities equally. due to lack of a stable or systematic approach of measuring urban problems, disparity in environmental conditions or access to social and physical infrastructures is more obvious, especially in the cities of developing countries. ...

We propose both spatial and non-spatial stochastic models for pathogen dynamics in the presence of an immune response. One of our spatial models shows that, at least in theory, a pathogen may escape the immune system thanks to its high mutation probability alone. While one of our non-spatial models also exhibits this behavior, another behaves quite differently from the corresponding spatial model.

PURPOSE At the macula, the carotenoids meso-zeaxanthin (MZ), lutein (L), and zeaxanthin (Z) are collectively referred to as macular pigment (MP). This study was designed to measure serum and macular responses to a macular carotenoid formulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten subjects were recruited into this study (five normal and five with early age-related macular degeneration [AMD]). Subjects ...

mapping of groundwater nitrate can be useful in management of groundwater resources. the objectives of this study were to analyze the spatial variability of nitrate and to map its contamination in the lordegan aquifer and to evaluate the variations in nitrate variability and mapping during a year. then 32 wells were sampled four times during 2010. seasonal nitrate concentrations remained consta...

the spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in water, sediment and fish (dry weight basis) of buriganga river, bangladesh were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. in water concentration of pb, cd, ni, cu and cr varied seasonally and spatially from 58.17 to 72.45î¼g/l, 7.08 to 12.33î¼g/l, 7.15 to 10.32î¼g/l, 107.38 to 201.29î¼g/l and 489.27 to 645.26î¼g/l, respectively. ...

Previous fMRI motor studies in Parkinson's disease (PD) have suggested that L-dopa may "normalize" areas of hypo- and hyperactivity. However, results from these studies, which were largely based on analyzing BOLD signal amplitude, have been conflicting. Examining only amplitude changes at distinct loci may thus be inadequate in fully capturing the activation changes induced by L-dopa. In this a...

Multivariate statistical techniques such as cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling and principal component analysis were applied to evaluate the temporal and spatial variations in water quality data set generated for two years (2008-2010) from six monitoring stations of Veli-Akkulam Lake and compared with a regional reference lake Vellayani of south India. Seasonal variations of 14 differen...

Developmental models of plant structure capture the spatial arrangement of plant components and their development over time. Simulation results can be presented as schematic or realistic images of plants, and computer animations of developmental processes. The methods of model construction combine a variety of mathematical notions and techniques, from regression analysis and function fitting to...