the theory of urban ecology is based on explaining urban spatial structure, studying and describing the reciprocal relationship between human societies in the urban areas and the environment, as well as analyzing the circumstances of urban population segregation and production of everyday life spaces. to study and explain urban ecological structure of mashhad, the case study of the article, we ...

This paper puts forward a novel method of automatically generating elements which is necessary for building sharing ontology database and studies the uncertainty problems. A concept called sharing ontology is proposed which is defined as a bridge of all kinds of spatial information systems involving domain spatial data acquiring, updating, transferring, storing, processing, analyzing, informati...

The spatial query has been processed in two steps, the lter step and the reenement step, due to a large volume and high complexity of the spatial data. However, this approach has been considered only in the query execution phase after completing the query optimization phase. This paper presents query optimization strategies which take the characteristics of spatial databases into account. The r...

This article presents an extension to the basic Entity-Relationship (E-R) database modeling approach for use in designing geographic databases. This extension handles the standard spatial objects found in geographic information systems, multiple representations of the spatial objects, temporal representations, and the traditional coordinate and topological attributes associated with spatial obj...

An overview is presented of the use of spatial data structures in spatial databases. The focus is on hierarchical data structures, including a number of variants of quadtrees, which sort the data with respect to the space occupied by it. Such techniques are known as spatial indexing methods. Hierarchical data structures are based on the principle of recursive decomposition. They are attractive ...

Spatial information processing has been a focus of research in the past decade. In spatial databases, data are associated with spatial coordinates and extents, and are retrieved based on spatial proximity. A formidable number of spatial indexes have been proposed to facilitate spatial data retrieval. In this paper, we propose a new scalable, reliable and consistent architecture for spatial data...