UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY The Caucasus represents one of the world's biodiversity hotspots and includes the climatic refugia Hyrcan on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and Colchis on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, where different species survived during the Quaternary climatic oscillations. We evaluated the genetic diversity of the relict tree Zelkova carpinifolia shared bet...

Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Lam.) Spach., a relict tree species of the Juglandaceae family, is native to the Great Caucasus, Anatolia, and to the Hyrcanian forests of the southern Azerbaijan and Northern Iran. In this study, the phylogenetic relationship of the species, sampled in selected Iranian populations, and the global biogeography of the genus Pterocarya were addressed. Leaves were collecte...

Although it has an important historical background, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia, which gained its sovereignty after dissolution of Soviet Union, been most issue in South Caucasus from 1992 until today. Despite multiple resolutions UN Security Council international community, Armenia occupied Azerbaijani territories there did not take a step back this de facto si...

Michael A. Reynolds, an FPRI Senior Fellow, is an Associate Professor in Princeton‟s Department of Near Eastern Studies where he teaches courses on modern Middle Eastern and Eurasian history, comparative empire, military and ethnic conflict, and secularism. He is author of Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908-1918 (Cambridge University Press, 2011)...

The strategic area of Kara Su in the northwest Iran was one areas where there a dispute between and Turkey regarding ownership, it has yet to be investigated any re- search. importance this is due fact that Re- publics Azerbaijan Armenia connect Turkey. Ottoman government, Iran's most important Western neighbour, signed first second Erzurum treaties1 with settle territorial disputes, but disput...

BACKGROUND The prospects for global tuberculosis control in the near future will be determined by the effectiveness of the response of countries to their burden of multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistance to, at least, isoniazid and rifampicin) tuberculosis. During the 2009 World Health Assembly, countries committed to achieve universal access to MDR-tuberculosis care by 2015. We assessed the progr...

The problems of weak state structures, including state territoriality, in the South Caucasus has highly influenced political developments and the building of a democratic state. This paper explains the difficulty of recovering statehood in the cases of Armenia and Georgia, both in the context of post–Soviet state transformation and post–conflict state-rebuilding. It argues that recovering state...

security policy-making in critical regions is one of the main concerns of the research centers and academic institutes. security-building in the regions like the caucasus is important because the historical roots of conflict could be seen in the policies of various countries. whenever some manifestations of authoritarianism can be seen, some countries are in the state of cooperative action. how...

The dysderid spider genus Dysderella Dunin, 1992 is surveyed. currently comprises two species: D. caspica (Dunin, 1990) from Azerbaijan and North Caucasus transcaspica (Dunin & Fet, 1985) Turkmenistan north-eastern Iran. Herein, elburzica sp. nov. described based on male specimens collected in Tehran Province, northern All three species are illustrated their distributions mapped.