S U M M A R Y The variation of frequency-dependent seismic wave attenuation with direction (attenuation anisotropy) contains additional information to that contained in velocity anisotropy. In particular, it has the potential to distinguish between different mechanisms that can cause velocity anisotropy. For example, aligned fracturing might be expected to cause measurable velocity and attenuat...

The term “Natural Attenuation” (NA) has been defined as “naturally occurring processes in soil and groundwater environments that act without human intervention to reduce the mass, toxicity, mobility, volume, or concentration of contaminants in those media” (Wiedemeier et al., 1999). This popular definition goes on to mention that the “in-situ” processes of NA include biodegradation, dispersion,...

Computed tomography (CT) devices are routinely employed to obtain three-dimensional images of the human body. The reconstructed CT numbers represent weighted x-ray attenuation coefficients. Their spectral weighting is influenced by the selected x-ray source spectrum, the detector characteristics, and the attenuating object itself. The quantitative ground truth of the scanned object is given by ...

Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) play a central role not only in viral replication, but also in the genetic evolution of viral RNAs. After binding to an RNA template and selecting 5'-triphosphate ribonucleosides, viral RdRps synthesize an RNA copy according to Watson-Crick base-pairing rules. The copy process sometimes deviates from both the base-pairing rules specified by the templa...