This article presents an overview of the notion of layering in three types of structuralfunctional grammars. Layering is interpreted in a broad sense to refer to two types of linguistic differentiations: (1) on the one hand, a distinction between levels of coding, namely, syntax/grammar, semantics, pragmatics; (2) on the other hand, a differentiation between speaker-related vs. content-related ...

For video broadcasting applications in a wireless environment, layered transmission is an effective approach to support heterogeneous receivers with varying bandwidth requirements. There are several important issues that need to be addressed for such layered video broadcasting systems. At the session level, it is not clear how to allocate bandwidth resources among competing video sessions. For ...

This paper presents the results of experimental studies on deformation and strength anisotropy gravel-pebble soils used in soil dams. During stabilometric tests, varying shear angles were obtained for stone at different orientations particles working chamber, whether horizontal or vertical. As hydrostatic pressure chamber increased to 0.8 MPa, a reduction by 8-12 degrees depending direction lay...

Superposition is a powerful program modularization and structuring method for developing parallel and distributed systems by adding new functionality to an algorithm while preserving the original computation The superposition method will thus structure the distributed algorithm in a number of mechanisms on top of the original computation In this paper the derivation using the super position met...

Digital provenance describes the ancestry or history of a digital object. Most existing provenance systems, however, operate at only one level of abstraction: the system call layer, a workflow specification, or the high-level constructs of a particular application. The provenance collectable in each of these layers is different, and all of it can be important. Single-layer systems fail to accou...

Abstract Environmental risks are one of the greatest threats in twenty-first century. Especially last years, cascading impacts and associated with such events have received great attention as economic losses consequences mounted their wake. As concerns about these ripple effects rising, strategies to prevent manage indirect urgent demand. However, currently barely considered most countries can ...

The current Internet is not well suited for the transmission of high quality video such as MPEG-2 because of severe quality degradation during network congestion episodes. One possible solution is the combination of layered video coding with the Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architecture; different video layers are mapped into different priority levels, and packets with different prioritie...

Cross layering, the disregard of the well established layered architecture, attract current investigations in protocol design. This report gives a short overview about recent trends. We will examine possible concepts of cross layering, their problems in general as well as their chances based on an example.