focuses mostly on democracy (Arato 1981; Paxton 2002; Putnam 1993; Wuthnow 1991). This analysis investigates instead the relationship between associationism and authoritarianism. I explore how the strength of the associational sphere influenced the degree of regime hegemony in two cases of interwar European authoritarianism: the Italian fascist regime and the Spanish dictatorship of Miguel Prim...

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an the public sphere be understood as a cultural phenomenon? Perhaps, C although an approach through the social seems less circuitous. This may be due in part to Habermas’s lucid formation in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere ([1962] 1989). The term “public sphere” conjures in the mind an image of place, whether we see the coffee houses, salons, and debating clubs of seventeent...