Das/Cheng/Pai/AAPM//2002 Historical Perspective 1826 Joseph Niepce First Photograph 1836 J. M. Daguerre Concept of developer 1889 Eastman Kodak Cellulose nitrate base for emulsion 1890 Hurter &Driffield Defined the term optical density 1895 Roentgen First Radiograph 1896 Carl Schlussner First glass plate for radiography 1913 Kodak Film on Cellulose nitrate base 1918 Kodak Double emulsion film 1...

BACKGROUND The most efficient application of ionizing radiation is serving medical purposes and using this radiation has caused people to learn that artificial sources of radiation exposure among these resources can be of highest exposure rate. OBIECTIVE The present study is aimed at initially establishing a baseline for local-reference dose level in Mazandaran, Iran in 12 projections of the ...

brain foreign bodies and penetrating missile injuries of the brain are familiar topics for iranian physicians, especially after iran and iraq war. but it’s not easily plausible that there is a couple of sewing needles in the cranium of a patient who has not any history of head trauma or penetrating injury. the patient was a 42-year-old man who admitted in neurology ward of mottahari hospital in...

Today, the diagnosis of orthodontic patients is carried out according to generally accepted method using orthopantomogram, lateral and direct cephalogram with their subsequent analysis, as well linear angular measurements various parameters.
 However, reliability depends quite strongly on position head 2D radiography, need obtain additional radiographs this, because there are significant l...

AIM The objective of this study was to compare the zone of simple, double and triple images in a dry infant cranium against an adult completely formed one when panoramic X-ray photography's were taken. STUDY DESIGN We took 96 panoramic X-ray photography's to a dry infant cranium placing a metallic spherical object of 8mm in different anatomical points for later to observe, identify and analys...

introduction: the examination of radiographics repeat rate and the causes are considered as one of the main factors in assessing the performance of radiographers and the function of the equipments in radiography services. the analysis of repeated films can reveal sources of the errors and areas where improvement can be made. apart from imposing additional charges, the repeats are responsible fo...

A 16 year old girl had been swimming in the River Trent where she sustained a cut to her forehead after diving in. Within two days there was diffuse swelling around her eyes and forehead which had appeared to settle over the course of the week. However, at 10 days after injury a forehead lump had developed that continued to increase in size over a 14 day period while observed as an accident and...