This paper considers the effect of outsourcing on R&D of the contracting firm. We show that outsourcing increases (decreases) R&D investment in a declining (booming) industry. If outsourcing reduces potential R&D investment, it may also make the consumers worse off. We show that outsourcing raises R&D effort in more competitive product markets. If outsourcing takes place in unskilled activities...

Foreign direct investment (FDI) can bring many benefits to the host country's economy, but not all citizens in that country benefit equally. This study aimed analyze impact of FDI on wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers Vietnam. The used an econometric model, applying systematic generalized method moments (GMM) estimation panel data from 63 Vietnamese provinces period 2010 2018...

We analyze the economic factors which have contributed to the dramatic decline of the employment share of unskilled labor in German manufacturing, in particular the role played by the relatively rigid earnings structure. Potential effects of intensified international competition and skill–biased technological change on the relative employment and earnings position of unskilled workers are also ...

Despite macroeconomic stabilization and structural reforms, employment problems have persisted in Latin America. The 1990s have seen a slowdown in the rate of job creation, unemployment rates have stagnated at about 10%; informal sector employment has expanded, and increases in real wages have been particularly favorable to skilled workers. The purpose of this article is to explain this apparen...

BACKGROUND The scientific evidence available is consistent in linking osteoarthritis (OA) and occupation but is lacking information regarding preventable risks in the workplace. AIMS To explore the effect of different dimensions of physical demand in the relation between self reported OA and occupation. METHODS Nationwide population survey of employed and self employed adults aged 25-64. ...

Despite macroeconomic stabilization and structural reforms, employment problems have persisted in Latin America. The 1990s have seen a slowdown in the rate of job creation, unemployment rates have stagnated at about 10%; informal sector employment has expanded, and increases in real wages have been particularly favorable to skilled workers. The purpose of this article is to explain this apparen...

Worldwide, there are an estimated 244 million international migrants (UN DESA, 2016), with 175 million of these originating from developing regions. People migrate for a number of reasons, with the most cited being access to jobs. The International Labour Organization’s (ILO’s) decent work agenda aims to ensure dignity, equality, fair income and safe working conditions, with specific mention of...

This research provides new evidence on the evolution of wages by skill level in Uruguay between 1918 and 2009. Furthermore, it explores link with changes demand supply caused economic development stages, as well impact institutional that occurred during period. work improves existing data Uruguay, providing series for skilled, semi-skilled unskilled workers. The analysis reveals aspects are det...

BACKGROUND Globally postnatal care (PNC) of the newborn is being promoted as a strategy to reduce neonatal deaths, yet few studies have looked at associations between early PNC and neonatal outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study we look at the associations of PNC provided on day 1 and by day 7 of life by type of provider - skilled (doctor, midwife or nurse or unskilled (traditional birth...