background postoperative pain is considered as a reason of patient’s delay in discharge and disability aggravation. therefore, multimodal approaches have been suggested in order to mitigate pain and decrease postoperative side effects. objectives the aim of this study was to evaluate analgesic effect of a single dose injection of dexamethasone on reducing postoperative pain in laparoscopic chol...

tramadol hydrochloride, a synthetic opioid, acts via a multiple mechanism of action. tramadol can potentially change the behavioral phenomena. the present study evaluates the effect of tramadol after single or multiple dose/s on the spatial memory of rat using object recognition task (ort). tramadol, 20 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally (i.p) as a single dose or once a day for 21 successive...