Burrowing small mammals in grasslands have long been regarded as pests because they compete for forage with livestock and reduce the forage availability for livestock by destroying pastures through their intensive digging activity. In order to investigate forage competition between the Mongolian Pika (Ochotona pallasi) and livestock an exclosure experiment consisting of four different treatment...

Deer support high tick intensities, perpetuating tick populations, but they do not support tick-borne pathogen transmission, so are dilution hosts. We test the hypothesis that absence of deer (loss of a dilution host) will result in either an increase or a reduction in tick density, and that the outcome is scale dependent. We use a complementary methodological approach starting with meta-analys...

soil salinity is one of the important factors which can influence the growth anddistribution of plant species. saline and alkaline rangelands of golestan province, iran withlow-deep underground water level are considered as a halophyte plant species growing area.attempts have been made to determine soil salinity and its relationship with frankenia hirsutal. in order to determine the electrical ...

In Ethiopia, deforestation rates remain high and the gap between demand and domestic supply of forest products is expanding, even though government-initiated re-greening efforts began over a century ago. Today, over 3 million hectares (ha) of degraded forest land are under area exclosure; smallholder plantations cover 0.8 million ha; and state-owned industrial plantations stagnate at under 0.25...

Spiders were sampled at Mpala Research Centre, Laikipia, Kenya by pitfall-trapping and sweep-netting from May 2001 to July 2002, at a Kenyan Long-term Exclosure Experiment. The aim was to establish species composition, checklist and examine spider responses to disturbances caused by cattle, megaherbivores (giraffe and elephants) and mesoherbivores (other ungulates) by looking at three levels of...

this study investigates monthly and seasonal variations of carbon emission from the soil at different grazing intensities. three areas of exclosure, low and high grazing intensities were selected in ghoosheh region of semnan province. carbon emission was measured monthly, in each treatment applying alkali traps (csc) during a year. emission and grazing data were analyzed, using a factorial expe...

assessment of rangeland ecological characteristics have been proposed as an important factor in reviewing and monitoring the effects of various management measures and it demands different tools for quantifying and offering a reasonable criterion for comparison of different managements. for this purpose, the landscape function analysis (lfa) method is capable of displaying the structural and fu...