Light-gauge steel framed (LSF) walls used in low- and mid-rise buildings are usually sheathed with gypsum plasterboard to protect the thin-walled studs fire. The structural failures of these fire mostly associated local in-plane shear or pull-through at their stud-to-gypsum sheathing screw fastener connections. reductions mechanical properties cold-formed elevated temperatures significantly red...

twenty-two bread wheat cultivars along with susceptible (sholeh) and resistant (azadi) control cultivars were evaluated for resistance to russian wheat aphid of two growth stages including seedling and stem elongation in greenhouse. five adult aphids per plant were used for infestation. leaf chlorosis at seedling and stem elongation stages and leaf rolling at seedling stage were measured. other...

The success of seedling establishment of desert plants is determined by seedling emergence response to an unpredictable precipitation regime. Sand burial is a crucial and frequent environmental stress that impacts seedling establishment on sand dunes. However, little is known about the ecological role of seed mucilage in seedling emergence in arid sandy environments. We hypothesized that seed m...

Performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) provides a robust alternative to traditional design. PBEE enables engineers estimate expected damage, repair costs, and economic losses due downtime for candidate design, potentially leading novel new designs or retrofit solutions. With the increasing application of light-frame structural systems, such as cold-formed steel (CFS) panels, in residen...

abstract heterotrophic seedling growth has described as the product of the following dynamic and to transmit seed reserves and the conversion efficiency of mobilized seed reserves to seedling tissue. this research was carried out to evaluate germination and seedling growth of wheat seed (n8019) in the form of combined analysis design with crd arrangement. treatments consisted of 4 levels of wat...

Seed and seedling predation may differentially affect competitively superior tree species to increase the relative recruitment success of poor competitors and contribute to the coexistence of tree species. We examined the effect of seed and seedling predation on the seedling recruitment of three tree species, Acer rubrum (red maple), Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar), and Quercus rubra (n...

This study was conducted at the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources farm, Iran, Golestan province with about 600 mm annual rainfall in order to evaluate the effect of different sowing dates on Azivash (Corchorusolitorius) seed quality, using a randomized complete block design with three replications on 2013. Treatments were four sowing dates such as May 5, ...