honey is the natural sweet substance produced by honey bees from nectar of plants or from secrerations of living parts of plants or excretions of plants sucking insects on the living pans of plants. physico-chemical properties of honeys in each region are related to kind of plant and flower.therefore ,knowing of component is very important. in this study thirty samples of honey were collected f...

Herbicide resistance is an example of plant evolution caused by an increased reliance on herbicides with few sites of action to manage weed populations. This micro-evolutionary process depends on fitness, therefore the assessment of fitness differences between susceptible and resistant populations are pivotal to establish management strategies. Loose silky bentgrass (Apera spica-venti) is a ser...

this paper investigates different kinds of control predicates in persian subjunctive complements. first, it is shown that the obligatory control (oc) constructions syntactically consist of two subtypes exhaustive control (ec) and non-exhaustive control (nec). then building upon jackendoff and culicover (2003) and culicover and jackendoff’s (2005) semantic analysis of control which is devoted to...

Abstract Tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. can directly, and indirectly damage chili plants by sucking the plant sap transmitting Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV), respectively. Farmers control PepYLCIV using synthetic insecticides with 2-3 applications a week to suppress vector population. The intensive use of insecticide raises concern about potential detrimental effect...

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical compounds of Iranian propolis (IP) extracts and to show flavonoids and phenol effects on methane production, fermentation characteristics and rumen microbial population (in vitro). In this study two diets with different concentrate: forage ratios as (HC: high concentrate) and (MC: middle concentrate), respectively as non-supplemented or ...

Intraspecific variation in the strength of inducible plant defenses plays a central role in the interactions between plants and herbivores. Studies of this variation are typically conducted in the greenhouse or laboratory rather than the field. We simultaneously manipulated densities of local consumers in the field within Maine and South Carolina populations of the smooth cordgrass Spartina alt...

The effects of two Bacillus strains (Bacillus pumillus and B. licheniformis) on Medicago sativa plants were determined in single or dual inoculation with three arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and compared to P-fertilization. Shoot and root plant biomass, values of thymidine and leucine incorporation as well as ergosterol and chitin in rhizosphere soil were evaluated to estimate metabolic acti...

BACKGROUND Rodents play an important role as reservoir of some pathogens, and the host of some ectoparasites as well. These ectoparasites can transmit rodents' pathogens to human or animals. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution and infestation load of ectoparasites on rodents in Meshkin-Shahr District, northwestern Iran. METHODS Rodents were captured using baited live traps in...