Local governments provide many shade structures at parks and sporting ovals for public use. However, the question remains of how effective are public shade structures at reducing biologically effective UV radiation throughout the year? Broadband measurements of the angular distribution of scattered UV beneath three specific public shade structures was conducted for relatively clear skies and fo...

Cattle produced in open feedlots are vulnerable to a variety of weather events; under certain conditions heat events can be especially detrimental. Shade structures are often considered as one method of reducing cattle stress. A summer study was conducted during 2007 using instrumented shade structures in conjunction with meteorological measurements to estimate relative effectiveness of various...

Shade tolerance is a key adaptive strategy displayed by heliophytic photosynthetic organisms in response to limited light. Although generalized morphological and physiological traits associated with shade tolerance exist, the interest in shade tolerance has been expanding over the past few years due primarily to the controversies that have emerged on classical hypotheses of shade tolerance. In ...

Plants sense the foliar shade of competitors and alter their developmental programs through the shade-avoidance response. Internode and petiole elongation, and changes in overall leaf area and leaf mass per area, are the stereotypical architectural responses to foliar shade in the shoot. However, changes in leaf shape and complexity in response to shade remain incompletely, and qualitatively, d...

Here we examined species differences in perception and response to two distinct types of shade cue, reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) with and without reduced red : far red ratio (R : FR), in Polygonum persicaria and Polygonum hydropiper, two closely related annuals of contrasting ecological breadth. We compared plasticity data for light-gathering traits from glasshouse experime...

This study aimed to determine the validity of the digital photocolorimetric (PCM) method in matching the color of human teeth. First, two Vitapan Classical shade guides, each containing 16 shade guide teeth, were visually shade matched, and digital photographs of each three pair of shade guide teeth were taken in a color matching booth. Secondly, visual shade matching of the upper central incis...

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Objective: To evaluate the reliability and accuracy of 4 electronic devices for determining dental shades. Methods: The 4 devices evaluated were the SpectroShade (spectrophotometer), ShadeVision (digital camera with colorimeter), VITA Easyshade (spectrophotometer), and ShadeScan (digital camera with colorimeter). All of the devices were calibrated according to manufacturer instructions. Three t...

Using behavioural indicators of thermal discomfort, that is, shade seeking, panting scores (PS) and respiration rate (RR), we evaluated the effect of hot summer conditions and shade, for a herd of adult Holstein dairy cows and a herd of Belgian Blue beef cows kept on pasture in a temperate area (Belgium). During the summer of 2012, both herds were kept on pasture without access to shade (NS). D...

Abstract On 15 July 1908 The Times advertised a talk on ‘personal experiences in spirit-photography and the scientific aspect of spiritualism’, due to take place that night at Eustace Miles Restaurant. Attendees could look forward not only ‘exhibitions spirit writing’, but also enjoying ‘flesh-free’ meal afterwards. This entertainment speaks confluence spiritualist belief vegetarian ideals was ...