BACKGROUND Sand fly saliva contains molecules that modify the host's hemostasis and immune responses. Nevertheless, the role played by this saliva in the induction of key elements of inflammatory responses, such as lipid bodies (LB, also known as lipid droplets) and eicosanoids, has been poorly investigated. LBs are cytoplasmic organelles involved in arachidonic acid metabolism that form eicosa...

Spatial genetic structure (SGS) results from the interplay of several demographical processes that are difficult to tease apart. In this study, we explore the specific effects of seed and pollen dispersal and of early postdispersal mortality on the SGS of a seedling cohort (N = 786) recruiting within and around an expanding pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) stand. Using data on dispersal (derived...

A theoretical relationship between isolation by distance or spatial genetic structure (SGS) and seed and pollen dispersal is tested using extensive spatial-temporal simulations. Although for animals Wright's neighbourhood size N(e) = 4pisigma(2)(t) has been ascertained also, where sigma(2)(t) is the axial variance of distances between parents and offspring, and it was recently confirmed that N(...

Individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) exhibiting small band gaps on the order of 10 meV are observed for the first time in electron transport measurements. Transport through the valence or conduction band of a small-gap semiconducting SWNT (SGS-SWNT) can be tuned by a nearby gate voltage. Intrinsic electrical properties of the Ohmically contacted SGS-SWNT are elucidated. An SGS-SWNT ...

SGS is a compact sentence generation system. Inputs are the frames and specifications of a sentence. Programs attached to context free rules carry out the generation task. Output is a surface sentence with an associated derivation tree. suitable laws for a computer from lingistic phenomena. Therefore, this paper first describes the overall organization of SGS, secondly explains the linguistic s...

Here hi = uiφ − ūiφ̄ is the SGS scalar flux. Both τij and hi are not available from the resolved (LES) flow field and thus have to be modeled. A very promising approach to modeling τij and hi consists of utilization of extra LES quantities such as SGS kinetic energy (Schumann 1975; Ghosal et al. 1995) and SGS scalar variance (Jiménez et al. 2001; Chumakov & Rutland 2004, 2005). For these quantit...

A refined two-term helical subgrid-scale (SGS) stress model with respect to that suggested by Li et al. [Phys. Rev. E 74, 026310 (2006)] is designed for large-eddy simulation (LES) of helical turbulence. The model coefficients in the new model are verified a priori to be scale invariant in inertial range, which proves that our model is local in scale. A dynamic method based on minimizing the re...

Stratocumulus clouds are the most common type of boundary layer cloud; their radiative effects strongly modulate climate. Large eddy simulations (LES) of stratocumulus clouds often struggle to maintain fidelity to observations because of the sharp gradients occurring at the entrainment interfacial layer at the cloud top. The challenge posed to LES by stratocumulus clouds is evident in the wide ...

TIA-1 is an RNA binding protein that promotes the assembly of stress granules (SGs), discrete cytoplasmic inclusions into which stalled translation initiation complexes are dynamically recruited in cells subjected to environmental stress. The RNA recognition motifs of TIA-1 are linked to a glutamine-rich prion-related domain (PRD). Truncation mutants lacking the PRD domain do not induce spontan...

In this study, we used the NDVI time-series datasets to investigate variations in the starting dates of growing season (SGS) in China's cropland from 1983 to 2002. To do so, a smoothing algorithm based on an asymmetric Gaussian function was first performed on the NDVI dataset to minimize the effects of anomalous values caused by atmospheric haze and cloud contamination. The SGS of cropland was ...