Aim—We examined the eVect of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory interleukins on jejunal nutrient transport and expression of the sodium-glucose linked cotransporter (SGLT-1). Methods—3-O-methyl glucose and L-proline transport rates were examined in New Zealand White rabbit stripped, short circuited jejunal tissue. The eVects of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1á, IL-6, and IL-...

INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world, with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a greatly negative socioeconomic impact. Although there are several classes of oral antidiabetic agents, most of the patients are outside the therapeutic goal range. OBJECTIVE To review the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes me...

Treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) leads to increased hematocrit. Other than hemoconcentration, this phenomenon could be attributed to enhanced erythropoiesis, as indicated by a rise in plasma erythropoietin (EPO) and reticulocytosis [1]. SGLT-2 inhibitors lead to improved renal cortical oxygenation, reflecting reduced transport activity in proximal tubules [2]. In their rec...

BACKGROUND Patients with type 2 diabetes treated with pharmacotherapy should be adherent to and persistent with their medications to experience glycemic control and prevent associated complications. OBJECTIVE To compare medication adherence and persistence among patients with type 2 diabetes who are newly initiating a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor or a sulfonylurea. METH...

Constrained stress majorization is a promising new technique for integrating application specific layout constraints into forcedirected graph layout. We significantly improve the speed and convergence properties of the constrained stress-majorization technique for graph layout by employing a diagonal scaling of the stress function. Diagonal scaling requires the active-set quadratic programming ...

We present a fundamentally different approach to orthogonal layout of data flow diagrams with ports. This is based on extending constrained stress majorization to cater for ports and flow layout. Because we are minimizing stress we are able to better display global structure, as measured by several criteria such as stress, edge-length variance, and aspect ratio. Compared to the layered approach...

In this series of papers we study subspaces of de Branges spaces of entire functions which are generated by majorization on subsets D of the closed upper half-plane. The present, first, part is addressed to the question which subspaces of a given de Branges space can be represented by means of majorization. Results depend on the set D where majorization is permitted. Significantly different sit...

We characterize the (continuous) majorization of integrable functions introduced by Hardy, Littlewood, and Pólya in terms of the (discrete) majorization of finite-dimensional vectors, introduced by the same authors. The most interesting version of this result is the characterization of the (increasing) convex order for integrable random variables in terms of majorization of vectors of expected ...

In this paper, the diagonal majorization algorithm (DMA) has been investigated. The research focuses on the possibilities to increase the efficiency of the algorithm by disclosing its properties. The diagonal majorization algorithm is oriented at the multidimensional data visualization. The experiments have proved that, when visualizing large data set with DMA, it is possible to save the comput...