Refractory angina, also described as chronic refractory angina pectoris (CRAP), classically occurs in patients with advanced, often diffuse coronary artery disease (CAD) that failed to be completely revascularized by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with remaining angina pectoris symptoms despite maximized pharmacological intervention. In the m...

AIMS We compared invasive (on-site coronary angioplasty or emergency air-ambulance transfer for bypass grafting surgery) vs conservative (persistent medical treatment) strategies in the management of refractory unstable angina in geographically isolated hospitals without cardiac surgical facilities. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and forty eight randomized patients with refractory unstable a...

OBJECTIVES This study evaluates the feasibility and safety of a catheter-based laser system for percutaneous myocardial revascularization and analyses the first clinical acute and long-term results in patients with end-stage coronary artery disease (CAD) and severe angina pectoris. BACKGROUND In patients with CAD and intractable angina who are not candidates for either coronary artery bypass ...

The development of advanced revascularization techniques has resulted in the growth of a subset of patients with coronary artery disease who are nonrevascularizable and are considered to have refractory angina. Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) has been developed for the management of these patients with chronic, refractory disease. Evidence has shown that through improvement of vascula...

From February 1983 to December 1986, 65 angioplasty procedures were attempted in 51 patients aged 65 or more. All had angina refractory to medical treatment and 89% of procedures were performed in patients in Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina class III or IV. Sixty eight per cent of patients had multivessel disease. Angioplasty was attempted on a single vessel in 52 instances (80%) and on ...

Refractory Angina Pectoris is a chronic pain condition relating to myocardial ischaemia in the presence of coronary artery disease despite optimal medical therapy. It affects cohort patients with subset perfusion deficiencies. While there no cure for these patients, an array and interventional treatment available 2021. In this article we discuss options explanation mechanisms action evidence th...

A growing number of patients with chronic artery disease suffer from angina, despite the optimal medical management (ie, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and long-acting nitrates) and revascularization. Currently, enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) therapy has been verified as a noninvasive, safe therapy for refractory angina. The study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of EECP ...